Frankfurt Essays - Districts Of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Hesse-Nassau

Frankfurt Essays - Districts Of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Hesse-Nassau Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main, city in west focal Germany, in Hessen, a port on the Main River. It is a significant assembling, money related, business, and transportation focus, served by rail lines and the Rhine-Main Airport, the most significant in Germany. Produces incorporate hardware, electrical gear, synthetic substances (prominently in the Hchst locale), pharmaceuticals, engine vehicles, dress, and pieces of literature. Universal exchange fairs, including the world's biggest yearly book reasonable, are held in the city. Frankfurt is partitioned into an old town, or Altstadt, circumscribing the waterway, and another town, or Neustadt, north of the more seasoned segment. The old town, possessed essentially by tradespeople and gifted craftsmans, holds numerous medieval qualities. The new town contains the business quarter and the most significant open structures. A group of Gothic houses, the Rmer, was utilized as the town corridor for almost 500 years. It shapes the core of the Rmerberg, a square flanked by medieval places of different dates. Different spots of intrigue are the Leinwandhaus, or cloth drapers' corridor, of the fourteenth century; the Eschenheimer Turm, a pinnacle once part of the city's old fortresses; the castle of the sovereigns of Thurn and Taxis, which was the gathering spot of the eating regimen of the German Confederation from 1816 to 1866; and the house (presently a historical center) where the German artist and author Johann Wolfgang von Goethe spent his childhood. The diarist Anne Frank was conceived in Frankfurt. The extraordinary church of Frankfurt is the Cathedral of Saint Bartholomew. It was built in the thirteenth century on the site of a ninth century church and was the seat of the appointment of rulers of the Holy Roman Empire and, after 1562, of the majestic crowning liturgies. Likewise remarkable are Saint Paul's Church (eighteenth nineteenth century), where the Frankfurt Parliament, the principal German national get together, met from 1848 to 1849; Saint Leonard's Church (fifteenth sixteenth century); and Saint Michael's Church (1953). Seven galleries make up the Museum Embankment, a significant development venture originally arranged in the late 1970s and finished as of late. The complex incorporates the Postal Museum and exhibition halls of applied expressions, ethnography, film, design, figure, and European canvas from the fourteenth century, just as a craftsmanship school and stops. Over the waterway however by and large referenced related to the dike is the Jewish Museum. It wa s opened in 1988, on the 50th commemoration of Kristallnacht (German for Night of Broken Glass), a night of hostile to Jewish revolting incited by the Nazi party, and is situated in the castle of the House of Rothschild, the popular group of Jewish lenders. The exhibition hall delineates the historical backdrop of Jews in Germany from the Middle Ages to the present and spotlights on Frankfurt's Jewish ghetto. Additionally, the new Museum Judengasse (1992) shows protected vestiges of the Jewish ghetto also. Another significant historical center in Frankfurt is the Senckenberg Museum, with a huge assortment on normal history, particularly fossil science. The city likewise has a huge zoo and a professional flowerbed and is the seat of a college (1914). In spite of the fact that the territory was settled as right on time as the Stone Age, Frankfurt was most likely settled as a Roman settlement about the first century AD. In the late eighth century, it was alluded to as Frankonovurd by Einhard, the biographer of Charlemagne. During Charlemagne's rule (800-814) various magnificent chambers were held in Frankfurt. The Golden Bull of 1356 built up Frankfurt as the seat of the supreme races, and it was made a free royal city in 1372. Around 1530 the city turned into a significant fortification of Protestantism. Upon the development of the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806, Frankfurt got subordinate to the confederation. It recovered the status of a free city in 1815, and it was the informal capital of the confederation until 1866. Around the same time, during the Seven Weeks' War, Frankfurt was seized by Prussia. During World War II (1939-1945), the city was gravely harmed by shelling, yet it has since been remade. In 1993 Frankfurt was picked as the site of the European Monetary Institute, the European Union body that is the trailblazer of the European Central Bank. Populace (1997) 652,412. Catalog Encarta www.frankfurt.de

Network Based Grading System Free Essays

Such frameworks don't relate desires, results and execution. As every understudy wants to want a decent score for every task , test, venture and additionally report, the entire Network Based Grading System Network Based Grading System is fundamental in this age, extraordinarily to instructors and understudies. This is an appear that could Nag organize based evaluating framework ay sister as MGM Gilligan as pantheon Nagoya Lola an as MGM understudy at as MGM master. We will compose a custom exposition test on System Based Grading System or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now Dahl mass anabolism zeugma Eng MGM grades Eng understudy ploy bother sang framework gay articulating system based reviewing framework. Trick pester PC pawed gaming tong framework. 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Tong framework a tit ay trimming commotion name Eng last name at secret key ache mama lover gung Sino annoy trick Samaritan Amman as MGM fervor o as MGM Hindi dad NASA register as framework a tit decorating noise name tit Eng register for new client . NC’ Skip to primary substance Skip to route Resources How To About INCUBI Accesses Sign in to INCUBI MAC US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health Top of Form Search ends database Search Limits Advanced Journal list Help Bottom of Form Journal List v. 23(7308); 2001 Gag 11 MIMIC 120936 BMW. 2001 Gag 11; 323(7308): 334-336. Mirror: MIMIC 120936 another framework for evaluating suggestions in proof based rules Robin Harbor, data administrator and Juliet Miller, executive for the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network Grading Review Group Author data Article notes Copyright and License data This article has been refered to by different articles in MAC. The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) creates proof based clinical rules for the NASH in Scotland. The key components of the strategy are (a) that rules are created by multidisciplinary gatherings; (b) they depend on a precise audit of the logical proof; and (c) suggestions are expressly connected to the supporting proof and reviewed by the quality of that proof. Up to this point, the System or evaluating rule proposals depended on crafted by the IIS Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (earlier the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research). 1,2 However, experience over five years of rule advancement prompted a developing familiarity with this fundamental shortcomings. Right off the bat, the reviewing framework was planned to a great extent for application to inquiries of adequacy, where randomized controlled preliminaries are acknowledged as the most hearty investigation structure with minimal danger of predisposition in the outcomes. In any case, in numerous zones of clinical practice randomized preliminaries may to be down to earth or moral to attempt; and for some inquiries different sorts of study configuration may give the best proof. Furthermore, rule improvement bunches regularly neglect to assess the methodological quailâ ¶y’ of individual examinations and the general picture introduced by an assemblage of proof as opposed to singular investigations or they neglect to apply adequate judgment to the general quality of the proof base and its candidate capacity to the objective populace of the rule. Thirdly, rule clients are frequently not satisfactory about the ramifications of the evaluating framework. They confound the evaluation of proposal as identifying with its significance, instead of to the quality of the supporting proof, and may in this manner neglect to give due weight to second rate suggestions. Synopsis focuses A reexamined arrangement of deciding degrees of proof and grades of proposal for proof based clinical rules has been created Levels of proof depend on study structure and the methodological nature of individual investigations All examinations identified with a particular inquiry are summed up in a proof table Guideline designers must make a considered judgment session the speculations, pertinence, consistency, and clinical effect of the proof to make an unmistakable connection between the proof and suggestion Grades of suggestion depend on the quality of supporting proof, considering its general level and the considered judgment of the rule engineers In 1 998, SIGN embraced to audit and, where proper, to refine the framework for assessing rule proof and evaluating suggestions. The survey had three fundamental targets. Right off the bat, the gathering meant to build up a framework that would keep up the connection between the channel of the accessible proof and the evaluation of the proposal, while permitting suggestions to be founded on the best accessible proof and be weighted in like manner. Besides, it wanted to guarantee that the reviewing framework fused conventional appraisal of the methodological quality, amount, consistency, and appropriateness of the proof base. Thirdly, the gathering wanted to introduce the reviewing framework in a reasonable and unambiguous manner that would permit rule designers and clients to comprehend the connection between the quality of the proof and the evaluation of proposal. Go to: Methods The survey bunch concluded that an increasingly express and organized methodology (figure) to the way toward creating suggestions was required to address the shortcomings recognized in the current evaluating framework. The four key stages in the process distinguished by the gathering are appeared in the case. The quality of the proof gave by an individual examination relies upon the capacity of the investigation configuration to limit the chance of inclination and to augment attribution. The chain of command of study types received by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research is broadly acknowledged as dependable in such manner and is even in box boxier. 1 Box 1 Hierarchy of study types The quality of proof gave by an investigation is additionally impacted by how well the examination was planned and done. Inability to concentrate on key parts of study techniques expands the danger of inclination or perplexing and hence diminishes the stud’s dependability. 3 The basic evaluation of the proof base attempted for SIGN rules along these lines centers around those parts of study structure which research has appeared to impact the legitimacy of the outcomes and ends. These key inquiries vary between hypes of studies, and the utilization of agendas is prescribed to guarantee that every single pertinent perspective are thought of and that a reliable methodology is utilized in the methodological evaluation of the proof. We did a broad pursuit to recognize existing agendas. These were then audited so as to distinguish an approved model on which SIGN agendas could be based. The agendas created by the New South Wales Department of Health were chosen due to the thorough turn of events and approval techniques they had experienced. 4 These agendas were additionally assessed and adjusted y the evaluating survey bunch so as to meet SIGN’s prerequisites for a harmony between methodological meticulousness and reasonableness of utilization. New agendas were created for deliberate surveys, randomized preliminaries, and companion and case control contemplates, and these were tried with various SIGN advancement gatherings to guarantee that the wording was clear and the agendas delivered steady outcomes. Because of these tests, a portion of the wording of the agendas was corrected to improve clearness. A beneficial agenda covers issues explicit to the assessment of demonstrative tests. This was facilitated on the New South Wales checklist,4 adjusted concerning crafted by the Cochrane Methods Working Group on Systematic Review of Screening and Diagnostic Tests and Caruthers et al. 5,6 The agendas utilize composed reactions to the individual inquiries, with clients at that point allotting contemplates a general rating as per determined standards (see box fighter). The full arrangement of agendas and definite notes on their utilization are accessible from SIGN. 7 Box 2 Key stages in creating proposals Synthesis of the proof The subsequent stage is to extricate the significant information from each investigation that was appraised as avian a low or moderate danger of inclination and to gather a rundown of the individual examinations and the general bearing of the proof. A solitary, very much directed, methodical audit or

Application Essay Tips and Tricks

Application Essay Tips and Tricks At this point in the summer, you’re probably getting close to being halfway done with your summer break. Before you know it, the Fall 2019 application is going to open! Yeswe do in fact read each and every essay that is submitted with the application. The best thing you can start to do now is prepare so this isn’t you once the application opens Tip #1 Start Preparing Now Yes, I know it’s still summer break. However, the essay is already posted on our website here and isn’t going to change before the application opens on September 1.  Take a look, and start to formulate your plan. Brainstorm what you are going to tell us â€" focus on why you are interested in the major you chose. If you are choosing the Division of General Studies, tells us about your passions, your career goals, or the different paths you are interested in exploring. Tip #2 Be Concise The application essay is only 300-400 words long, so do your best to stay focused and answer the question that were asking of you! Do your best to stay on topic and maximize the 400 words you have been allotted to let us know about your passions and interests. Tip #3 Be Yourself This is your one chance to tell us about yourself on the application â€"make it unique to you and your experiences. Every college has different essays and while they may be similar, dont copy and paste! Tip #4 Proofread Regardless of how great and interesting your essay is, having spelling errors or run-on sentences lessens the effect it may have. Take your time and proofread it at least once on your own before hitting the submit button. Tip#5 Proofread again After you proofread it yourself, give it to someone else to proofread for you as well â€" a teacher, friend, parent, or guardian. Two sets of eyes are always better than one! If you stuck with me to the end of this, I know youre going to have an amazing essay to share with us later this fall. Best of luck and happy writing! Hannah Admissions Counselor I grew up just 30 minutes north of Champaign-Urbana and am a recent graduate of Illinois. As a former Pathway student, I understand the challenges of adapting to life at both a community college as well as a four-year institution. Whatever you're wondering about, I'll help you out!

Questions On Deep Learning Technique Essay - 1439 Words

1.4.3 Deep Learning Technique Machine Learning at its most basic is the practice of using algorithms to parse data, learn from it, and then make a determination or prediction about something in the world. So rather than hand-coding software routines with a specific set of instructions to accomplish a particular task, the machine is â€Å"trained† using large amounts of data and algorithms that give it the ability to learn how to perform the task [12]. Deep learning is another Machine Learning (ML) algorithm. Deep learning is essentially a set of techniques that help you to parameterize deep neural network structures, neural networks with many, many layers and parameters. Deep Learning breaks down tasks in ways that makes all kinds of machine assists seem possible, even likely. The confusion matrix, in Figure 8 shows that the accuracy of this model is (90.80) with weighted average precision (91.37) greater than recall (91.11) and F1-score (91.24). From the above results, it appears that Deep Learning classi fier achieve higher accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. Figure 11: Clustering accuracy using Deep Learning Technique 1.5 Results Comparison Table 2: Performance Measures Comparison Model Decision Trees Naà ¯ve Bays Deep Learning Domain precision recall precision recall precision recall food 100.00 25.93 58.06 66.67 46.55 100.00 communication 63.77 95.65 88.89 86.96 100.00 100.00 education 83.54 88.26 88.65 88.26 90.22 88.26 medical 61.67 62.71Show MoreRelatedComputational Advances Of Big Data1147 Words   |  5 Pagesreduction techniques that can process the raw data to acceptable and processable size while not discarding any useful information is one of the demanding issues. In order to achieve successful data mining, feature selection is an indispensable component [4]. Feature selection algorithms dump redundant and ineffectual features and diminshes computational complexity which in turn saves on the cost of measuring and analyzing non selected features. Based on a certain criteria this technique selects aRead MoreDeep Learning Technique1023 Words   |  5 Pagesevaluate the use of deep learning as a means of providing route planning. The research question for the project was: â€Å"Can deep learning be used to infer terrain and find an optimal path for routing?† Therefore the goal was to develop an approach and prototype the design to find optimal path on terrain surface using elevation data. 2. Project requirements As the project was geared towards using aerial imagery, it was expected to achieve route navigation by leveraging techniques from computer visionRead MoreWhy Is School Is Hard?1553 Words   |  7 Pagespercent of our brains.† (Boyd, 2008) We have the ability to think and comprehend so if we push ourselves daily we can learn something new every day. Some techniques that I learned to use maximize my learning are preparing, absorbing, capturing and reviewing. These four steps are very helpful to me because I do them as an everyday cycle. Other techniques I have used in the past when I took classes on campus were; listening and paying attention in class, going mentally active to class; I think this is veryRead MoreThe Group Rules And Norms978 Words   |  4 Pagesmanagement of acute and chronic stress. Clients will be encouraged to identify primary stressors and coping skills to effectively manage them. Relaxation: Clients will be encouraged to participate in mediation techniques, which include trigger points, mindfulness, and deep breathing techniques. Nutrition: Foods and substances that cause stress, anxiety, and depression: Clients will learn about pseudostressors hidden in foods and legal drugs that cause anxiety, depression, and contribute to negativeRead MoreEnriching English Instruction Essay1124 Words   |  5 PagesDespite the rapidly shrinking budgets for arts programs and the growing de-emphasization of English as a relevant field of study, the lessons learned and taught in English classrooms still forms the foundation of learning throughout a student’s academic career. For most American students the English language will serve as the lens through which they view other subjects, and reading comprehension will be the tool that lets them learn from those subjects. Without an adequate foundation in such a coreRead MorePersonal and Professional Challenges786 Words   |  4 Pagesthe following matrix to describe three personal and three professional challenges. For each challenge, describe time and stress management techniques along with personal development resources that may help a nurse overcome these challenges. |Personal Challenge |Time Management Technique |Stress Management Technique |Personal Development Resources | |Example: Balancing work and family |Use a calendar or organizerRead MoreTest Taking Strategies1411 Words   |  6 PagesI have learned to incorporate strategies that work best for me, but there is always room for improvement and strengthening. Learning, study and test taking skills are some of the most important things to have when furthering your education. Upon reading Strategies for Test Success by Linda Anne Silvestri, I was able to scrutinize some of my weaknesses, reevaluate my learning style, and look at some new test taking strategies while assessing my current strategies. Helpful Test Taking Strategies Read MoreDevelopment Of Single Chip Machine Vision Technology For Hazard Detection1648 Words   |  7 Pagesvideo-based monitoring tool is being developed that will alert the foreman to any non-compliance taking place in the site. The main focus of this project is the development of a real-time video monitoring system using the latest computer vision techniques. The video with be captured by a camera set up in a static location on the construction site returning high quality uncompressed imagesvideo to a Jetson TK1 in order to detect PPE (hard-hats and high visibility vests) on construction workers. OBJECTIVESRead MoreAs Nurses, One Of Our Responsibilities Is To Educate And1223 Words   |  5 PagesAs nurses, one of our responsibilities is to educate and assess our patient’s learning needs. It is important for us to evaluate their health behaviors and identify areas where there may be a necessity for additional teaching. For example, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is common among the elderly population. COPD affects nearly thirteen million adults in the U.S. Although the disease is preventable and treatable, it is the third leading cause of death, 120,000 deaths every year areRead MoreEssay On Cyber Security1536 Words   |  7 Pagesprocess/pattern ‘good’ 2. Develop a method to measure ‘effectiveness’, expand upon this to give an effectiveness score (ES) for a given process. 3. Take a given process in BPMN, gather meaning using AI techniques 4. Analyse CySec implications of given process using AI techniques 5. Apply AI techniques to discover analyse meaningful relationships found 6. Compare given process against known ‘good’ practices 7. For the least effective processes, what trends can be found? Is there a pattern in known

A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift - 533 Words

During the late seventeenth century the English controlled-parliament had legislated several ideas and laws that restricted the rights of the Ireland Catholics. This caused the Ireland economy to slowly fall apart as many people discarded the issues. However, Jonathan Swift took advantage of the overlooked laws and went on to write the essay, A Modest Proposal. In this writing piece Swift lodged a ridiculous proposal. In doing so he manifested a clear cut image of how backwards and corrupted the state of Ireland really was in the hands of the English. Swift’s essay employed his insincerity, sarcasm, verbal irony, and rhetorics that depicted the conditions of Ireland and its people. However his tone of the whole essay along with his insincerity illustrated the comical effect of the proposal to make his argument seem unserious. Swift illustrates the purpose of the essay with his insincerity because for starters, he does not put the blame of the states struggles on only the people but the British and politicians as well. He stated that after a poverty-stricken infant lived through his childhood years, theyd either abandon Ireland to fight for Spain or even sell themselves as servants to the Barbadoes. Here he advocated how these people have no pride or sense of nationalism towards their own native country and ultimately will lead them to their demise. By putting this idea out there, Swift suggested that the people of Ireland willingly work as a proud nation and bring forthShow MoreRelatedA Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift Essay836 Words   |  4 PagesIn Jonathan Swift’s â€Å"A Modest Proposal†, we are exposed to the timeless issue of homelessness and the state’s role in their social welfare. Swift was a fervent Irish patriot who was disgusted by the flourishing trend of beggars and h ungry children that flooded the streets of his beloved country. This topic is relatable as this is a social issue that plagues many countries in the present age. Swift presents a satirical argument in which he proposes Ireland adopt the horrific practices of eating theirRead MoreA Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift1647 Words   |  7 PagesSatire in â€Å"A Modest Proposal† and Different Articles Jonathan Swift, author of â€Å"A Modest Proposal,† tries to present different ideas in order to change the situation of Ireland. Through his proposal, he is able to get people’s attention, and the way he uses satire throughout the article made his argument more successful. He wrote this essay to show how ignored and bad the state of Ireland and its social classes are. In â€Å"A Modest Proposal†, Swift effectively uses rhetorical exaggeration to expressRead MoreA Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift982 Words   |  4 Pages Jonathan Swift, author of â€Å"A Modest Proposal,† tries to present different ideas in order to change the situation of Ireland. Through his proposal, he is able to get his point across. He wrote this essay to show how undeveloped and bad the state of Ireland is and the social classes. In â€Å"A Modest Proposal†, Swift effectively uses insincerity, sarcasm, and rhetorical exaggeration to reveal his annoyance of politicians, papists, and overall citizens of poverty-stricken Ireland in the late seventeenthRead MoreA Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift813 Words   |  4 PagesJonathan Swift, author of the satirical piece â€Å"A Modest Proposal,† organized an outrageous proposal to the people of Ireland. In this pamphlet, Swift offered his personal views on how to overcome Ireland’s issue of overpopulation and poverty. By raising nationwide attention, Swift plan to shock the readers by emphasizing the idea of cannibalism as a way to deal with Irelandâ€℠¢s problems. Swift’s technique of audience, tone, and pathos help determine the advantages and disadvantages of â€Å"A Model Proposal†Read MoreA Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift1333 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"A modest proposal† by Jonathan Swift is an essay, which was written to elaborate the poverty of people in Ireland. Where poor viewed as having an absence of worth in the public eye, playing no essential part in more noteworthy else s benefit of the people. Swift uses situational irony in this essay which also represented a work of satire. By definition situational irony happens when the final outcome is opposing to what was expected. Basically his proposal was for poor children roaming around theRead MoreA Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift860 Words   |  4 PagesI was informed to read â€Å"A Modest Proposal† by Jonathan Swift as an assignment for creating annotated bibliographies, I began to develop an interest on how Swift came about the matte r of his request into rebuilding Ireland s economy and way of life. I believed that Swift added cannibalizing children to the subject matter to give his proposal a more profound and eye-opening effect, but my readings further piqued my interests on the topic. As a result, I researched Jonathan Swift’s motives and styleRead MoreA Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift1057 Words   |  5 Pages A Modest Proposal â€Å"A Modest Proposal†, written in 1979 by Jonathan Swift, is a fascinating sardonic, overwhelming hyperbole. He explores the miserable fate of poverty-striven Irish whose struggle in vain in an effort to feed their huge emaciated families. In the essay, Swift advocates that the penurious Irish should sell their babies to the rich ladies and gentlemen and obtain monetary power required to ease their economic predicaments. The straight-faced parody that features predominantly in theRead MoreA Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift1340 Words   |  6 PagesA Modest Proposal was written in the year 1729 by the famous satirist Jonathan Swift. In his work he outlines the pros of eating unwanted children of Ireland for economical benefits in a time of great poverty. While the reader can obviously discard the idea of eating children, in his proposal, in a roundabout way, Swift speaks to hard pressing issues of the time. The state of Ireland is well described by Swift in this piece. He speaks of woman who â€Å"instead of being able to work for their honestRead MoreA Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift1795 Words   |  8 PagesHave you ever thought about eating an infant to ease your economic hardship? You’re not the only one! Jonathan Swift wrote an entire pamphlet about it (satirically, of course). Satire has the ability to point out societal inadequacy and ridicule political policies in a way that is humorous in its absurdity while masking its true intent. In A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift, the author’s use of exaggeration and irony to draw attention to the meaningless lives of the Irish people to English ruleRead MoreA Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift1032 Words   |  5 PagesJonathan Swift’s satirical pamphlet, A Modest Proposal, as a way to ironically find a way For the CommonWealth of Ireland to benefit from the starving children. He proposes the idea that an un wanted child should be fattened up then feed to landlords or have their meat sold in the market. In turn curing the nation’s problem of overpopulation and contribute to the economic well-being of the nation. Swift’s satire exploits the fundamental human function of eating. The need to eat is a driving human

The Wonderful Discoverie Of Elizabeth Sawyer, A Witch,...

In this document commentary I will be analysing and commentating on an extract from Henry Goodcole’s pamphlet, The Wonderful Discoverie of Elizabeth Sawyer, a Witch, late of Edmonton. Her Conviction and Condemation and Death. (London, 1621). I will be seeing how if the contemporary public felt the same way and how this relates to the history of witchcraft. Henry Goodcole was a ‘prison visitor and author [and was] best known for a series of criminal biographies, arising from his experiences as ordinary and recounting his attempts to extort confessions from the condemned in the prison’. The most famous of his visits was to Elizabeth Sawyer, who was suspected of being a witch. ‘His pamphlet on the Sawyer case included the confession he had elicited from the condemned witch while preparing her spiritually for execution’. Before sixteenth century, the ability to read and write was low. But during the century there was growth in education for the public and illiteracy was decreasing. ‘It is estimated that in 1600 about 10 per cent of women in England were literate; by 1700 this had risen to perhaps 30 per cent’. In 1650 the male literacy rate ‘rose to almost a half’. The biggest form of reading was through reading print and ‘it was this mode of literacy that provided the foundation for pamphlet culture’. Despite the low literacy rates many peoples workplaces ‘allowed them to hear texts they could not read instead’. ‘Elizabeth Sawyer, was a poor woman of obscure origins

Digital Story Telling Literature Review free essay sample

The use of technology has become very predominant in the teaching of literacy skills. For a time there was some trepidation in incorporating technology into teaching literacy as educators felt that it may actually hinder the development of language and literacy (Rosen Bloom, 2006). The use of computer technology in teaching literacy is now common practice. In order to prepare students to be literate in a changing world, the definition of literacy is changing. The students are â€Å"reaping the benefits of what is coming to be known as a ‘new literacies’ curriculum† (Kist, 2004). There is a growing movement among educators that suggests we should not only be teaching literacy children in the traditional sense, which has meant acquiring the skills of communication by reading, writing and storytelling; but also teaching the â€Å"new literacies†. In this review I will be presenting some current definitions for the terms literacy and digital literacy. I will be providing evidence to suggest that the infusion of digital technology and media into the English language arts classroom may not only improve student engagement but also improve student achievement in writing. I will narrow my focus to current research on the use of Digital Story Telling as a tool in teaching literacy skills and its effect on student writing achievement. New Literacies Reading and writing text in the form of essays, books, magazines is still a part, and may always be a part of literacy. An issue facing educators today is that students are being asked to be literate in an ever increasing number of areas. In addition to reading and writing, students are expected to attain proficiency in scientific, economic, technological, visual, informational, and multicultural literacy† (Gunter Kenny, 2008) â€Å"There is a new movement in curriculum and literacy instruction that says there are other kinds of texts we should have kids read, and that there are other ways to respond to these texts than through the writing of essays† (Kist, 2004) For discussion in this review digital literacies will make reference to the exponentially growing mediums in which information is co mmunicated using technology. The ‘new literacies’ that Kist (2004) identifies, include reading and writing web pages, MP3 files and video. Add to that list wiki’s, blogs, text messaging and instant messaging. This list is not meant to be exhaustive, but rather to put into perspective the multitude of modalities that students must be competent with, in order to communicate, to find, read, and critically analyze information. It is important not to confuse digital literacy with digital media or technologies. The two are inexplicably related but becoming digital literate is to develop the skills necessary to be competent with using the digital technology and/or media in and outside of school. We know that students are making use of these modalities outside of school and it is incumbent upon educators to allow students to work in print and non-print based media, to ensure â€Å"that their in-school communication can be as limitless as their out-of-school communication† (Kist, 2004) In an article written by (Ohler, 2005) the discussion is clearly supportive of using digital technologies in educating students in literacy. The focus is on using digital technologies to support literacy skills and not to replace what we already do. The final product in digital story telling or a digital book talk is media based but a quality final product still depends on the planning and story telling, and as Ohler (2005) points out, the key component to digital story telling is still the writing. Students continue to benefit from digital technologies. â€Å"Such technologies give voice to a number of otherwise quiet students and to students whose skills dont fit the usual academic mold† (Ohler, 2005). In the same ways that writing can give voice to a student that is uncomfortable speaking in front of a class or otherwise presenting thought and ideas orally, digital technologies can allow students to show competence and even mastery of traditional and new literacy skills. What is Digital Story Telling There are a number of definitions of digital story telling but they are common in that they focus on telling stories through personal narrative using any number of digital media technologies. Alan Davis defines a digital story as a form of short narrative, usually a personal narrative told in the first person, presented as a short movie for display on a television or computer monitor or projected onto a screen. (Davis, 2004). Digital stories bring together some mixture of digital graphics, text, recorded audio narration, video and music to present information on a specific topic (Robin, 2006). The Digital Storytelling Association defines digital storytelling as â€Å"the modern expression of the ancient art of storytelling†¦ using digital media to create media-rich stories to tell, to share, and to preserve. Digital stories derive their power through weaving images, music, narrative and voice together, thereby giving deep dimension and vivid color to characters, situations, and insights† (Digital Storytelling Association, 2002). Digital story telling is used in many different curriculum, however the focus for my own research will be on digital story telling in the literacy curriculum. Does a positive relationship exist between use of digital story telling and achievement in writing? Digital Story Telling –Impact on Writing. There has been significant effort made into proving and understanding a correlation between the use of digital technology and an increase in student motivation and engagement in the language arts classroom. Educators are recognizing that if students are engaged in the classroom this increased engagement can have a direct impact on their effort and self-efficacy towards mastering literacy skills. Some of the more current research still looks at attitudes and motivation but has also posed some new questions about using digital literacies in conjunction with traditional literacy. Educators need to take notice of new learning and communications paradigms being adopted by today’s learners, how they are modifying traditional notions about literacy, and whether they are directly affecting how basic reading and writing skills are acquired (Leu, 2000). A recent study address whether digital literacies can be used as a means of assessing student mastery of traditional literacy skills (Behmer, Schmidt, Schmidt, 2006) and another study (Ballast, Stephens, Radcliffe, 2008) investigates whether or not tools such as digital story telling actually lead to developing improved skills in reading and writing. In a study conducted by (Behmer et al. , 2006)the researcher takes a look a what students learn about content and technology by using digital story telling as a measure of the literacy skills that students are expected to acquire. In other words the digital story telling project was a way for students to demonstrate the mastery of literacy and technology skills taught in class. The participants in the study were seventy grade 7 students in three in tact classrooms with the same teacher. Recommendations that came up were the creating extended blocks of time to work on the project, providing some preliminary training with the technology so that students would have context and necessary skills to produce the digital story. The study shows much promise in its initial intent of measuring the capacity of digital story telling as a means of assessing literacy skills but in the conclusion no mention is made of the part of the study. The disappointing part of this study is that, in the end, the major conclusions drawn are once again that digital story telling has potential to improve young student motivation in telling stories to others. One of the challenges facing researchers that are studying how digital literacies impact traditional skills of reading and writing is that there is less than an abundance of research studies available to look back to, identified by (Ballast et al. , 2008) This challenge is also exciting opportunity for a researcher studying literacy in that there are so many unanswered questions that need further investigation. In a recent six week, quasi-experimental study of fifty, sixth grade students in Central Texas the researcher investigates attempts to address some of the areas that have limited research. There is a revisit to the much studied question of how using technology, and in this case digital story telling, affects student attitudes towards writing. The other focus of the study is to determine whether using digital story telling could actually have a positive effect on student writing skills. An effort was made to have an accurate assessment of each students writing in both control and experimental groups by using results from students grade 5 state administered exams to determine writing abilities. Further grouping was done to compare â€Å"honours† students from each group and â€Å"regular† students. Both of the teachers shared similar teaching philosophies and used the same methods of instruction to teach writing. Each group was involved in a â€Å"technology project†. After the six weeks (Ballast et al. 2008)reports that the class that completed the digital story telling project showed significantly better results in writing than the control group. The troubling results from this study were that both groups, treatment and control, showed a decrease in performance in writing on the post-test when compared to the pre-test. â€Å"Both groups dropped in writing performance, the treatment group slightly, and the control group substantially† (Ba llast et al. , 2008) and this confound was explained as end of the year student apathy. A suggestion was proposed by participating teachers that perhaps a study at the beginning of the year would produce different results. To improve upon this study I think it must be over a longer time period and I agree that it should be started at the beginning of the year. Conclusion Although not universally agreed upon, it has been widely accepted that there is benefit to using technology as a tool to support teaching literacy in the classroom. Not only does this technology support traditional skills in literacy but it has also created an evolving definition of literacy. Learners must become competent in the ‘new literacies’ as discussed previously as well as in the traditional forms. One of the problems that remain unanswered is to determine how to best use digital technology to support literacy. The past trend has been to teach digital literacy in a digital media class; separately from literacy as it has been taught in an English language arts class. It is now much more commonplace to see digital media and literacy skills taught alongside or inclusively in the language arts classroom. Rather than a separate technology curriculum, curriculum in literacy is being re-written to include digital literacy and technology outcomes. The students in today’s classroom are referred to as the â€Å"digital natives† and by school age many have already developed a level of comfort using and exploring digital technologies. There has been recent research done on how digital technologies like digital story telling and digital book talks increase student engagement and self-efficacy in the writing process (Ballast et al. , 2008; Behmer et al. , 2006). Digital stories help to integrate of digital, oral, and written communication. Used as a tool to compliment how educators currently deliver literacy instruction using digital technologies like digital story telling can sharpen critical thinking, research, and writing skills. The use of Digital story telling is not a new phenomenon but research into digital storytelling and the impact of its utilization on literacy skills such as reading and writing has not been investigated completely. The question that needs further study is: can incorporating digital story telling in the literacy education lead to increased improvements in writing over literacy education that does not incorporate digital story telling?