Cold Weather As We Know It - 1102 Words

Mamadou Samassi ENG: 1121 Prof. Murphy Ends of cold weather as we know it Wonder whey we had irregular season this year. Have you ever thought about the consequences when you turn on the light, or the engine in your car? Some people call it black gold, but in the scientific community is far from gold, it’s a treat to our very existent but yet we consume it every day. From filling up our cars, or even a bottle of water is made out of oil. Oil was locked under the earth crust for thousands years ago. As the industrial revolution took full affect, we demanded more of the substance, and release a deadly chemical called carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which then heats up the planet. These effect can cause heat weave killing hundred of peoples, irregular season, and melting polar ice caps which thousands of animals relayed on for they survival. I will prove that the more carbon dioxide we release into the atmosphere the more our planet will heats up, and devastate effect will be create. Carbon dioxide is emitted into the atmosphere in a different way; first it is emitted through natural carbon cycle, and through human activities like burning of fossil fuel into the atmosphere. Since the start of the industrial revolution in the 1700’s human activities is predominate the cause of rise of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere like burning of oil, coal and gas we use to fill up our tanks, and through deforestation, all have increase C02 concentration into theShow MoreRelatedEssay about Winter and Sunny Weather Systems1516 Words   |  7 Pages Weather is a fascinating subject. It is such an intricate and amazing process, which our mother earth goes through on a daily basis. All over the world, weather seems to be a very important aspect for our everyday lives. For instance; sunny weather can bring on a very harmonious and beautiful atmosphere, while cloudy and rainy weather can bring about tragedy. In 1998; the earth experienced an El Nino which brought on fierce weather, flooding, and hurricanes. Weather systems are very broa d and detailedRead MoreThe Existence Of The Cold Weather853 Words   |  4 Pageslong time ago, the village Salem became famous. Their neighbors had started to build extreme, exaggerated hysteria when a group of your girls were claimed to be possessed by bad spirits. It is said that when bad spirits come to our lives, it is because we do not have control over ourselves, and in those days, the villagers believed that bad spirits were the real devil. In the spring of 1692, there were a lot of accusations by villagers, claiming girls to be guilty of those suspicions. They believed thatRead MoreDifference Between Climate, Weather And Meteorology968 Words   |  4 PagesHarris Meteorology Essay Part one: Explain the difference between Climate, Weather and Meteorology. 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The Comparative Method Moving Beyond Qualitative And...

The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies by Charles C. Ragin describes several aspects of the comparative research process. He describes in detail the strategies a comparative researcher can employ and the differences and similarities of these strategies. He notes that the comparative approach is primarily of a qualitative nature and is by its very nature different from quantitative scientific methodology based upon statistical inference. During the course of this report, Ragin’s â€Å"The Comparative Method† will be described by its major points and descriptions of comparative research. Several weaknesses will be identified and described. And finally, this report will seek to discuss how these weaknesses can be overcome or mitigated. Description of â€Å"The Comparative Method†. This book describes several components of comparative research and some factors which influences this type of research. The author first explains the Distinctiveness of Comparative social Science. He notes that the comparative method is typically used to refer to the comparison of large macro-social units. He states that he goals of comparative and non-comparative work are identical; to explain social phenomena by establishing controls over the conditions and causes of variation. Even though the underlying goals of both types of research may be the same, there is a wide gulf between qualitative and quantitative work. Regan describes this gulf as being: 1) wider inShow MoreRelatedComparative Politics Essay1392 Words   |  6 Pagesdetail the reasons why the comparative method is a necessary tool in the belt of any political scientist. Comparative politics is one of three main subfields in political science, alongside political theory and international relations. While political theory deals with theoretical issues about democracy, justice et cetera, comparative politics deals with more empirical questions. 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(RaginRead More Social Capital in the Developing World Essay2121 Words   |  9 Pagesglobalized world today is getting very advanced in all areas and so has become very competitive. This then accommodates the use of a comparative approach in society. Comparative, an activity derived from the word comparison meaning to compare, it is defined as a research which uses data that are compared between at least two countries (Ragin, 1987). This comparative study is a very important phenomenon in the field of social science and commenced in the1960s and 1970s. It is used as an essentialRead MoreComparing and Contrasting Qualitative and Quantitative Social Research Methodology3905 Words   |  16 Pagessocial world operates through the study of human behaviour and investigates how humans interact with others in society. Research in general, is usually conducted by adopting either a qualitative or quantitative approach (Henn et al, 2006). 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Case studies emphasize detailed contextual analysis of a limited number of events or conditions and their relationships. Researchers have used the case study research method for many years across a variety of

4G Wireless Network Network Technologies

Question: Discuss about the 4G Wireless Network for Network Technologies. Answer: Introduction Wireless network technologies have survived for several generations in the form of 1G and 2G services which provided restricted services. Clients of 2G as well as 2.5G are requesting for better quality data, media and voice services as they have in wired network. However, the data rate needed for this is high, which is likewise beyond the third generation network capacities. This inspired the exploration of the 4G wireless networks. 4G wireless network vision brings numerous portable and wireless systems and the purpose of this study is to find out complete knowledge about 4G wireless network. There is a basic distinction between wireless network and wired network. Wireless systems are PC networks which are not associated with any sort of links. The utilization of a remote system empowers ventures to maintain a strategic distance from the unreasonable procedure of bringing links and connections among different locations. The premises of 4G wireless networks are named as radio waves, which is a physical level system execution. 4G wireless networks have diverse overlapped networks. This study is organized with the help of various articles, scholars articles and research papers and journals. In this study various articles, research papers are used to prepare this report about 4G wireless networks various types of wireless parts which will offer an expensive service for the clients, so that every client can easily communicate with the assistance of these architectures and networks. Clients won't just have the capability to use web services but also the capability to utilize the other services such as voice as well as some other everyday applications. 4G wireless network help in enhancing the services and help the users to acquire an extensive variety of services and data. The 4G wireless network is restricted in some areas therefore, this study is restricted to find out how 4G network works in rural areas because it restricted to search for rural areas 4G network c ommunication system, its architecture. Findings 4G Wireless Network First generation versatile wireless frameworks were presented in mid-eighties as well as second generation frameworks presented after the 1980s and were planned essentially for the transmission of the voice (Abdeljebbar Kouch, 2014). The underlying frameworks utilized simple recurrence modulation whereas another model and also the consequent portable frameworks use computerized correspondence strategies with TDM, FDM or the CDMA (Barken Bermel, 2004). The third era remote frameworks which are simply getting presented on the planet markets offer impressively higher information rates as well as permit noteworthy enhancements over the wireless 2G frameworks (Barnes O'Farrell, 2002). 3G wireless frameworks were proposed to give voice as well as paging administrations to give intuitive sight and sound including video chatting and web access and an assortment of different administrations. However, these frameworks offer WAN network of about 384 kbps crest rate as well as constrained sco pe of 2 Mbps (Chen, 2014). Hence giving broadband administrations might be the real objectives of the wireless 4G frameworks. 4G telephones should be much quicker, yet that is not generally the situation. There are such a variety of innovations named as "4G," wireless technology thus numerous approaches to actualize them, that the term is verging on aimless (Barnes O'Farrell, 2002). International Telecommunications, a principles body, attempted to issue prerequisites to make a framework 4G wireless network yet they were overlooked via transporters, and in the long run the ITU threw in the towel. 4G advancements incorporate HSPA+, WiMAX, as well as LTE (Barken Bermel, 2004). Reliability of portable communication is one of the hottest topics nowadays. The growth of 4G wireless network is booming with high speed because of cutting edge and emerging technologies it provides (Gobjuka, 2005). Present times are only the beginning for conveying 3G wireless communication frameworks, 4G Wir eless networks. Flow times are the ideal starting for conveying 3G versatile correspondence frameworks, trek research on the coming era of portable interchanges (Hurley, 2006). This paper concentrates on the topic of 4G wireless network from a specialized point of view. After a brief survey of the improvement history and status of versatile correspondences and related 4G network points of view, after this a general 4G wireless network highlight structure taking into account the portion idea of mix, in hitch to key components of the three targets are portrayed in subtle element (Jaloun Guennoun, 2010). The ideas of both outer and inside assorted qualities of every objective are characterized to delineate the causes and arrangements of the versatile component. The presence of 4G Networks in today's innovation-driven society is imperative markers of headway and change (Hurley, 2006). 4G network systems, are intended to encourage enhanced remote capacities, system speeds, and visual ad vancements (Jaloun Guennoun, 2010). It is foreseen that as these systems keep on thriving, the interest for cutting edge related innovations will likewise develop, in this way making new options for clever innovation clients to surpass their craved desires (Hurley, 2006). The accompanying dialog will assess the present condition of 3G Networks and will look at the future capability of these systems in extending innovation based abilities for shoppers and businesses alike (Jaloun Guennoun, 2010). This study display a general vision of the 4G systems beginning by showing a portion of the key components they will give, and afterward talking about key difficulties the specialists and sellers are endeavoring to determine, lastly quickly portraying a portion of the proposed answers for these issues. 4G wireless network is the phrase utilized to portray the 4th generation wireless networks (Jaloun Guennoun, 2010). 4G wireless network is a next platform from 3G wireless network, which is presently the much broad, fast speed network. 4G wireless network is only accessible in few limited areas (Hurley, 2006). While each of the 4G wireless administration is known as"4G," the basic innovation is not similar (Fledderus, 2005). Sprint, for instance, utilizes WiMax advancement for their 4G framework, while Verizon organization uses an innovation named as a LTE. Regardless of what innovation is at its back, 4G wireless network is intended to convey speed (Ganesh Pahlavan, 2002). Overall, 4G wireless networks should be anywhere in the range of four times much speedier than today's wireless 3G systems. Some organizations said that the 4G wireless WiMax system can provide download speeds are 10 times speedier than the wireless 3G network connections, with velocities about 10 megabits for every second (Gobjuka, 2005). 4G wireless networks is a 4th era of remote correspondence. 4G wireless network is a stage up from the wireless 3G network, which is at present the most far-rea ching, fast speed administration (Glisic Veiga, 2009). 4G wireless network is just accessible in restricted territories. While still being developed, the establishments for the substitution of the current system is right now being built and researched by the phone business and other technological designers (Hurley, 2006). The general goal of the system is to give an exhaustive and safe Internet Protocol arrangement with much quicker information speeds than the past eras. The 4G Wireless network is a secure and protected and secure and numerous services can be done by using it. It provides the complete fulfillment of clients requirements (Gobjuka, 2005). 4G wireless advancements have numerous key contrasts in correlation with 3G wireless network and also with earlier wireless advancements. A key characterizing element is a way that 4G wireless systems will work altogether relies upon TCP or IP design as well as suite of conventions (Ganesh Pahlavan, 2002). This configuration choice is planned to drive expenses down like IP has turned into the universal decision for the data networking crosswise over heterogeneous advancements. It will likewise result in opening up and what was already a limited cellular market limited to generally couple of vendors (Glisic Veiga, 2009). Nonetheless, one outcome in moving to the open arrangement of correspondence conventions is the expected increment in security concerns contrasted and 2G wireless networks and 3G wireless networks. Noteworthy consideration has been provided to security outline amid the advancement of both WiMAX as well as the LTE measures (Gobjuka, 2005). However, because of very open nature as well as IP-based foundation for the wireless 4G network, it creates the impression that further huge consideration should be given to comprehend and concentrate on the safety issues. The errand of securing 4G networks and frameworks is a testing one (Hurley, 2006). The architects of 4G remote frameworks have a plenty o f safety innovations and past wireless safety encounters to draw (Fledderus, 2005). Requirements for 4G wireless network Low Handoff: Handoff delays the services as well as it likewise creates misfortune to the data communication. Therefore, Handoff should be overseen for the effective communication (Abdeljebbar Kouch, 2014). Access: Access is the vital thing within the 4G wireless network because it offers connectivity or networks to the clients as well as it also offers end services to clients (Agarwal Agarwal, 2014). Network: Network ought to be of multiple services with the goal that it won't only provide the fundamental access, however, additionally offers a widespread range of different services or applications to the individuals who will require voice as well as other services (Ganesh Pahlavan, 2002). Broadband: 4G wireless network integrates utilizing the top end platform as well as it is likewise cheaper and successful to utilize, additionally it can be effortlessly maintained (Alaoui, 2012). Security administration: For achievement of the 4G wireless network, the essential aspect is protection or security and to ensure that the wireless networks are sheltered and secured (Barken Bermel, 2004). Models The 4G wireless networks has a diverse scope of models such as: Ideal systems Crossbreed systems Heterogeneous systems (Chen, 2014) Interoperability of the 4G Network layers The 4G wireless networks often support the worldwide roaming as well as end-to-end administration or services within wireless networks, additionally, these usually rely on the QoS issues (Potter, 2004). The bandwidth and the capacity for the wireless 4G network should be several times more than the wireless 3G network to fulfill the business needs. The 4G relied not only on the version and speed, however, totally for its quality and the service (Saboji Akki, 2010). The major distinction between the wireless 4G network from the previous generations wireless network is that in wireless 4G network both the data as well as voice and can easily sent, however, in previous generations networks voice and a small quantity of information can be easily sent. The 4G wireless network can be used with the DSL (Seddigh, Nandy, Makkar, 2010). The individuals throughout the entire world might be profited as well as can utilize for communication because its quality and service are efficient. With th e help of wireless 4G network business managers and users can do business from anywhere and at anytime and with better speed as well as with better reliability (Smith, 2005). The individuals who never utilized wireless 3G network can directly bounce on wireless 4G network because it is helpful with good speed. It will be based on the network IP technology (Saboji Akki, 2010). The people who have not yet used the 3G can directly hop on the 4G as it is more useful and of good speed. It will be based on the network IP technology. 4G is more useful than Wi-Fi. Within Wi-Fi, network distance matters as well as it surely accessed in the slow path. However, the 4G wireless network is faster as well as it can easily access from anywhere with effective cost. (Sridevi, 2012). 4G wireless Network architecture The quantity of access wireless networks in private or public business as well as in home areas is expanding day by day. To set both services and users from dealing with several diverse access advancements, confirmation strategy, as well as network peculiarity, these elements ought to be hidden from the users (Swedenburg T. Pflum, 2010). Then again, the qualities of the specific access wireless network being utilized do make a difference. End users such as a need to have the capacity to utilize an exact network depend on sure determination criteria like expenses and speed (Strebe, Perkins, Moncur, Strebe, 2000). Service suppliers will require access to particular wireless network attributes to be capable to upgrade their services, as well as might have some needs for instance guarantees minimum delay (Swedenburg T. Pflum, 2010). For the end user, it implies that in many situations user won't be aware of the services utilizing in diverse methods in wireless networks simultaneously. This includes concepts such as seamless roaming as well as VHE. Another thought is that clients need to manage the utilization of the accessible networks, particularly when this utilization accompanies a cost. This includes a basic leadership procedure which might be guided through the strategy management equipment, with backing from end user gadgets as well as the wireless networks (Varshney, 2012). Another sort of joining is like private, private as well as home networks. The 4G wireless network has not achieved much attention till now, at least surely not up to the level users expect required for next generation wireless networks (Varshney Jain, 2001). Why 4G Wireless Networks Users may question that why they require 4G wireless network if 3G wireless networks are functioning admirably (Wheat McCullough, 2001). It is a direct result of fundamental two reasons that first one is considerable development in a general number of endorsers and the second reason is the substantial interest of innovative information services like information, sound, picture or video services (Zahariadis, Grneberg, Celetto, 2010). These two components are sufficient to bring a generous bottle neck within mobile communication administrations (Munro, 2007). Despite the fact that the anticipated information rate is about 2Mbps in a wireless 3G network, the genuine information rates are slower, extraordinarily in crowded ranges and whenever the network is very congested (Zahariadis, Grneberg, Celetto, 2010). Further, the information rates likewise rely on the client's movement and area not surprisingly expected, the information services like sound and multimedia are going to assume modest part as well as will overwhelm the cellular activity rather than a voice in the future ("Wireless Quality-of-Service support", 2006). In such situation, the present wireless network 1G and 2G frameworks will immerse as well as will have no space to survive. Additionally, the interest for expanding information rates prompts higher band width necessities (Wheat McCullough, 2001). These elements cause the cell business to build up a typical standard for a framework which mostly works to conquer every restriction forced by the past cell advancements (Munro, 2007). The normal components of 4G wireless networks are higher information rates approximately 100Mbps, higher transmission capacity prerequisites of a request of several MHz, a lot of administrations like information, sound, video and so forth (Zahariadis, Grneberg, Celetto, 2010). Issues in 4G Networks 4G systems being so worthwhile to clients it likewise confronts some potential issues in genuine. They are Security, QOS, Handover. Security: In this, advanced world security is an essential perspective in correspondence systems (Agarwal Agarwal, 2014). As the 4G wireless network is not utilized for just correspondence but it gives diverse capacities like a web service which is to be highly secured (Alaoui, 2012). So user ought to evaluate as well as understand the distinctive security dangers of the 4G wireless systems such as IP ridiculing, User ID robbery, DOS, Intrusion assaults which might bring the loss of data and spillage of the data which is considered as risk for network clients ("Wireless Quality-of-Service support", 2006). QOS: QOS is more vital for 4G systems as users realize that media transmission is an ongoing correspondence like Voice over IP and video spilling continuously traffics nature of administration is critical as clients ought to gauge a few variables like piece rate, jitter, delay, bundle drop likelihood to maintain a strategic distance from system clog inaccessible data transfer capacity successfully ("Wireless Quality-of-Service support", 2006). Handover: Handovers is characterized as the exchanging of portable hubs from one access point to other in the current system or to an alternate network. 4G network systems confront parcel of difficulties while handover in today's correspondence frameworks (Munro, 2007). Specifically, if a versatile client is experienced handover process from correspondence frameworks like GPRS to the WLAN around then there is a potential danger of correspondence which makes the portable client miserable (Varshney, 2012). In spite of the way that the possibility of 4G exchanges shows much ensure, there are still confinements that must be tended to. One significant obstacle is working locale. Notwithstanding the way that frameworks are ending up being more pervasive, there are still various locales not served (Barken Bermel, 2004). Nation domains and various structures in metropolitan districts are not being served well by existing remote frameworks. This constraint of today's frameworks will endure into future periods of remote systems (Barnes O'Farrell, 2002). The development that is being made by 3G network frameworks is giving the general populace unlikely yearnings of reliably on, continually available, wherever, at whatever time correspondences. The all inclusive community must comprehend that but quick data correspondences will be passed on, it won't be relative to the wired Internet in any occasion not at first (Barken Bermel, 2004). In the occasion that measures are not taken now to right p erception issues, 4G network organizations are sent, there may be a great deal of disappointment associated with the association of the development, and acknowledgments could get the chance to be negative. On the off chance that this some way or another figured out how to happen, neither 3G network nor 4G network may comprehend its most extreme limit (Barnes O'Farrell, 2002). Another limitation is cost. The rigging required realizing a front line framework is still greatly expensive. Transporters and suppliers need to orchestrate intentionally to guarantee that expenses are kept sensible (Chen, 2014). The ascent of 4G network flexible advances was birthed from the relentlessly changing and growing customer essentials past the state of the present compact advances set up and its predecessors like 3G network as well as 2G network frameworks (Fledderus, 2005). In an approach to keep up a key separation from outlandish and insufficient 3G network approach and diagram, 4G structures wer e created and took off, putting 3G frameworks in contention (Ganesh Pahlavan, 2002). 3G network flexible development was not prepared for giving heterogeneous organizations and between works inside frameworks (Fledderus, 2005). Along these lines, highlights like the ability to work effortlessly with uniform quality at better speeds across over various frameworks give 4G network the edge more than 3G network and following advances. Despite these, the 4G network is totally IP-based engaging voice, data, intuitive media, Internet get to, and illuminating to be open to the customer constantly(Ganesh Pahlavan, 2002). Potential Benefits As users realize that 4G systems are heterogeneous systems and they provide diverse capacities to network administrators and administration suppliers (Manning, 2009). So to give security 4G wireless networks present security portals which secure the networks of diverse areas (Jaloun Guennoun, 2010). For creating the security in wireless 4G systems users ought to embrace a model created by ITU named as X.805 Bell lab protection model which is comprised of with three security levels, three high-security planes as well as with eight safety measurements (Hurley, 2006). Future advancements in 4G Wireless Network A noteworthy issue in wireless 4G network is to develop high bit rates accessible in a bigger part of the mobile, particularly to clients in an uncovered position in the middle of a few base stations (Glisic Veiga, 2009). In the present research, this concern is tended by full-scale assorted techniques, also named as group cooperative hand-off, as well as by beam-division different access (Fledderus, 2005). Pervasive systems are amorphous and nowadays entirely speculative idea where the client at the same time associated with a few wireless access advancements and can consistently move among them (Gobjuka, 2005). These entrance advancements can be Wi-Fi and UMTS or any new future access technology. Incorporated into this idea is likewise smart radio to productively oversee use transmission power as well as range, in addition, the utilization of routing conventions to make a pervasive framework of networks (Hurley, 2006). In reality, in the first half of the year 2002, the 4G wireles s network is a theoretical system and a discourse point to mention the future requirement of the worldwide rapid speed wireless frameworks that will surely interface with the wired backbone network consistently (Potter, 2004). Continous expanding and better wireless communication builds up the desires and the interest of users in 4G wireless networks. 4G wireless networks surely work on capacity as well as limits likewise have few crucial period (Smith, 2005). The reconfigurability should be possible at any level, and it will be valuable for the system supplier. This gives a choice between the substitute systems and is based upon every one of the issues (Potter, 2004). Re-configurability of the 4G wireless network should be easily done at different levels, as well as it will helpful for the wireless network provider and the client viewpoint. This gives the selection among the different networks as well as relied upon all concerns (Varshney, 2012). These 4G wireless network framework s will offer numerous features for clients as well as it will provide the end-to-end wireless network. These 4G systems will provide many features to the users and it will provide end-to-end connectivity. Accessing, roaming as well as few dynamic elements are extremely useful and obtained at very low cost (Sridevi, 2012). Conclusion In this study, it has been concluded that 4G wireless networks are produced with various aspects and benefits. The pace of 4G network might be fifty times higher than the 3G networks. The normal transmission bandwidth of wireless 4G network is around 10Mbps. 4G network has choices of 3-D virtual reality, the capability of feeling at the occasion regardless of the possibility that user is physically present or not. Clients easily interact with individuals, products as well as think about the places when the real world and digital world merge. This study concludes that 4G wireless network provides numerous benefits to the clients. The 4G wireless network will provide support and access for verification processes, security,various bill payments, as well as supports clients having specific mobile systems. There are numerous benefits in the 4G wireless network, for instance, Speed, expenses, and the Security. Therefore, 4G wireless network or system will be a prevalent mode of communicati on. 4G can be envisioned like an incorporated wireless network that empowers consistent roaming between many technologies. The promising 4G wireless network can support intelligent multimedia administration with extensive bandwidths, as well as high bit rates. This study helps to know that 4G wireless network turns out to be economically accessible for every user. The 4G wireless network is used by numerous industries such as Ericcson, Nokia, Siemens AG, and Alcatel. In this study, it has been concluded that work on wireless 4G networks has begun on academic as well as an industrial level for instance WWRF has Nokia, Ericcson, Alcatel, and Siemens. The NSF has declared a project that calls for recommendations that might look at concerns involved in the wireless 4G network. Multimedia traffic with the help of 4G wireless network will be surely dominant in future. In future modified IP surely be the global network or system layer protocol. The 4G wireless network is the 4G wireless co mmunication network. The 4G wireless network is the next stage of the 3G wireless network, which is presently most broad and rapid wireless network service. However, the 4G wireless network is just accessible in few areas. While still being developed, the establishments for the substitution of the current system is now being investigated and built by the wireless network industries and technical engineers. This study explains that the general objective of the 4G wireless network is to give an exhaustive as well as secure Internet Protocol arrangement with quicker information speeds than past generations. A 4G wireless network is required to give a secure and comprehensive as well as all-IP dependent arrangements where facilities, for instance, ultra-broadband web access, IP communication, gaming administrations, and streamed media might be given to clients. Recommendations This study recommends that the endeavors have been done or made to diminish various technologies to single worldwide standard. It has been recommended that the anticipated 4G wireless system has to offer to provide standard services which should be embraced globally through its key idea of coordination and integration. Future 4G wireless networks should be supported to different IP multimedia services and applications to permit sharing of assets among various clients. There should be the low unpredictability of implementation as well as a productive means of the transaction between the wireless infrastructure as well as in end clients. The 4G wireless network surely provides guarantee that satisfies the goal of personal communication and personal computing. It should help to fulfill a dream that reasonably gives high information rates everywhere on a wireless network. In each era, whenever there is any type of default, 4G wireless network surely gets rid of this. In all recommendatio ns for the 4G wireless network, the CDMA spread spectrum radio technology utilized in the 3G wireless network as well as IS-95 is replaced and neglected by OFDMA additionally frequency-domain comparison schemes. This is joined with MIMO, for instance, multiple antennas, productive channel allotment as well as channel-dependent is appointing. Glossary WWRF Wireless World Research Forum NSF National Science Foundation DSL Digital Subscriber line HSPA+ High Speed Packet Access UMB Ultra Mobile Broadband XGP eXtended Global Platform TDM Time division multiplexing FDM Frame division multiplexing CDMA Code division multiplexing access Terminals forming or situated at the end or extremity of something Personalization design or produce (something) to meet someone's individual requirements Extensive covering or affecting a large area VHE Virtual Home Environment Accompanying be present or occur at the same time as References Abdeljebbar, M. Kouch, R. (2014). Fast Authentication during Handover in 4G LTE/SAE Networks. IERI Procedia, 10, 11-18. Agarwal, A. Agarwal, K. (2014). The Next Generation Mobile Wireless Cellular Networks 4G and Beyond. AJEEE, 2(3), 92-97. Alaoui, S. (2012). Towards Future 4G Mobile Networks: A Real-World IMS Testbed. International Journal Of Next-Generation Networks, 4(3), 31-43. Barken, L. Bermel, E. (2004). Wireless hacking projects for Wi-Fi enthusiasts. Rockland, MA: Syngress. Barnes, C. O'Farrell, N. (2002). Hack proofing your wireless network. Rockland, MA: Syngress Pub. Chen, H. (2014). The Research on Robust Detection Method for Mixed Network Architecture in 4G Networks. AMM, 513-517, 2320-2323. Fledderus, E. (2005). Wireless Network Simulation Your Window on Future Network Performance. Wireless Pers Commun, 33(3-4), 319-325. Ganesh, R. Pahlavan, K. (2002). Wireless network deployments. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Glisic, S. Veiga, B. (2009). Advanced wireless networks. Chichester, UK: Wiley. Gobjuka, H. (2005). 4G Wireless Networks: Opportunities and Challenges. Hurley, C. (2006). How to cheat at securing a wireless network. Rockland, Mass.: Syngress. Jaloun, M. Guennoun, Z. (2010). Wireless Mobile Evolution to 4G Network. Wireless Sensor Network, 02(04), 309-317. KALITA,. (2010). A New Algorithm of Self Organization in Wireless Sensor Network. Wireless Sensor Network, 2(1). Kaur Gondara, M. Kadam, S. (2011). Requirements of Vertical Handoff Mechanism in 4G Wireless Networks. IJWMN, 3(2), 18-27. Kim, T. Lee, J. (2005). Mobility and QoS support in 4G wireless networks. Journal Of Communications And Networks, 7(2), 178-191. https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jcn.2005.6387865 Lakhtaria, K. Next generation wireless network security and privacy. Lawrence M. Lesser, Randy Hall,. (2015). Normally Speaking//4G or Not 4G?. The Mathematics Teacher, 108(6), 408. Manning, W. (2009). CWNA, Certified Wireless Network Administrator certification exam preparation. Brisbane, Australia: Emereo. Mumtaz, S. Thanh Tu, L. (2011). Performance Evaluation of 4G Networks using System Level Relays. Recent Patents On Signal Processinge, 1(1), 62-73. Munro, K. (2007). Wireless worms. Network Security, 2007(6), 6-8. Potter, B. (2004). Fixing wireless security. Network Security, 2004(6), 4-5. Saboji, S. Akki, C. (2010). A Client-based Vertical Handoff System in 4G Wireless Networks. Journal Of Advances In Information Technology, 1(4). Seddigh, N., Nandy, B., Makkar, R. (2010). Security Advances And Challenges In 4G Wireless Networks. Smith, P. (2005). Linux network security. Hingham, Mass.: Charles River Media. Sridevi, S. (2012). Management and Operations of 4G Networks. IJSR, 3(4), 95-99. Strebe, M., Perkins, C., Moncur, M., Strebe, M. (1999). NT 4 network security. San Francisco: Network Press. Swedenburg, D. T. Pflum, M. (2010). 4G Wireless Technology. Varshney, U. (2012). 4G Wireless Networks. IT Professional, 14(5), 34-39. Varshney, U. Jain, R. (2001). Issues in emerging 4G wireless networks. Computer, 34(6), 94-96. Wheat, J. McCullough, A. (2001). Designing a wireless network. Rockland, MA: Syngress Pub. Wireless Quality-of-Service support. (2006). Wireless Netw, 12(4), 409-410. Zahariadis, T., Grneberg, K., Celetto, L. (2010). Seamless Content Delivery over Mobile 3G+/4G Networks. Mobile Networks And Applications, 16(3), 351-360. Bibliography Abdeljebbar, M. Kouch, R. (2014). Fast Authentication during Handover in 4G LTE/SAE Networks. IERI Procedia, 10, 11-18. Agarwal, A. Agarwal, K. (2014). The Next Generation Mobile Wireless Cellular Networks 4G and Beyond. AJEEE, 2(3), 92-97. Alaoui, S. (2012). Towards Future 4G Mobile Networks: A Real-World IMS Testbed. International Journal Of Next-Generation Networks, 4(3), 31-43. Barken, L. Bermel, E. (2004). Wireless hacking projects for Wi-Fi enthusiasts. Rockland, MA: Syngress. Barnes, C. O'Farrell, N. (2002). Hack proofing your wireless network. Rockland, MA: Syngress Pub. Chen, H. (2014). The Research on Robust Detection Method for Mixed Network Architecture in 4G Networks. AMM, 513-517, 2320-2323. Fledderus, E. (2005). Wireless Network Simulation Your Window on Future Network Performance. Wireless Pers Commun, 33(3-4), 319-325. Ganesh, R. Pahlavan, K. (2002). Wireless network deployments. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Glisic, S. Veiga, B. (2009). Advanced wireless networks. Chichester, UK: Wiley. Gobjuka, H. (2005). 4G Wireless Networks: Opportunities and Challenges. Hurley, C. (2006). How to cheat at securing a wireless network. Rockland, Mass.: Syngress. Jaloun, M. Guennoun, Z. (2010). Wireless Mobile Evolution to 4G Network. Wireless Sensor Network, 02(04), 309-317. KALITA,. (2010). A New Algorithm of Self Organization in Wireless Sensor Network. Wireless Sensor Network, 2(1). Kaur Gondara, M. Kadam, S. (2011). Requirements of Vertical Handoff Mechanism in 4G Wireless Networks. IJWMN, 3(2), 18-27. Kim, T. Lee, J. (2005). Mobility and QoS support in 4G wireless networks. Journal Of Communications And Networks, 7(2), 178-191. https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jcn.2005.6387865 Lakhtaria, K. Next generation wireless network security and privacy. Lawrence M. Lesser, Randy Hall,. (2015). Normally Speaking//4G or Not 4G?. The Mathematics Teacher, 108(6), 408. Manning, W. (2009). CWNA, Certified Wireless Network Administrator certification exam preparation. Brisbane, Australia: Emereo. Mumtaz, S. Thanh Tu, L. (2011). Performance Evaluation of 4G Networks using System Level Relays. Recent Patents On Signal Processinge, 1(1), 62-73. Munro, K. (2007). Wireless worms. Network Security, 2007(6), 6-8. Potter, B. (2004). Fixing wireless security. Network Security, 2004(6), 4-5. Saboji, S. Akki, C. (2010). A Client-based Vertical Handoff System in 4G Wireless Networks. Journal Of Advances In Information Technology, 1(4). Seddigh, N., Nandy, B., Makkar, R. (2010). Security Advances And Challenges In 4G Wireless Networks. Smith, P. (2005). Linux network security. Hingham, Mass.: Charles River Media. Sridevi, S. (2012). Management and Operations of 4G Networks. IJSR, 3(4), 95-99. Strebe, M., Perkins, C., Moncur, M., Strebe, M. (1999). NT 4 network security. San Francisco: Network Press. Swedenburg, D. T. Pflum, M. (2010). 4G Wireless Technology. Varshney, U. (2012). 4G Wireless Networks. IT Professional, 14(5), 34-39. Varshney, U. Jain, R. (2001). Issues in emerging 4G wireless networks. Computer, 34(6), 94-96. Wheat, J. McCullough, A. (2001). Designing a wireless network. Rockland, MA: Syngress Pub. Wireless Quality-of-Service support. (2006). Wireless Netw, 12(4), 409-410. Zahariadis, T., Grneberg, K., Celetto, L. (2010). Seamless Content Delivery over Mobile 3G+/4G Networks. Mobile Networks And Applications, 16(3), 351-360. Hossain, M., Hassan, M., Sirisena, H. (2004). Adaptive Resource Management in Mobile Wireless Networks Using Feedback Control Theory. Telecommunication Systems, 25(3/4), 401-415. Chen, X., Liu, W., Zhai, H., Fang, Y. (2006). Location-aware resource management in mobile ad hoc networks. Wireless Netw, 12(6), 797-812. Dahlman, E., Parkvall, S., SkoÃÅ'ˆld, J. (2011). 4G LTE/LTE-Advanced for mobile broadband. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. Jarray, F. (2010). Complexity Results for Wireless Sensor Network Scheduling. Wireless Sensor Network, 02(05), 343-346. Tech services on the web. (2006). Technical Services Quarterly, 24(1), 83-95.

The Formuliac Narrators Of Edgar Allan Poe Essays - The Black Cat

The Formuliac Narrators Of Edgar Allan Poe The respective narrators in Edgar Allan Poe's The Tell-Tale Heart and The Black Cat are nameless characters around whom each story revolves. This is just as well, considering the fact that the two narrators are almost interchangeable. Both narrators are thematic symbols of the dark side of the human mind, which characterizes much of Poe's works of horror. Each narrator moves through the action of his story virtually parallel to the other, in his struggles with irrational fear, innate perversity and obsessive mental fixations. Although Poe does insert a few added dramatic elements into the story of The Black Cat, these elements pull the two characters closer together, instead of pushing them apart. The reader can still easily see each man follow the same path through his narration: he becomes consumed by his irrational fear, then obsesses over the object which is the manifestation of this fear, which then pushes him to violence against those associated with the obsession. Poe brings t he reader full circle, using similar language and actions within both plots, taking both narrators to the height of their madness and seeming triumph, which in the end, is their undoing. Both stories are narrated through the distorted eyes of a character that has been driven to madness on some level or another. Each narrator begins his respective story by defending his sanity through a twisted sort of rationalization. The narrator of The Tell-Tale Heart addresses question of his sanity twice in the first paragraph: asking once of the reader, ?why will you say that I am mad and then again asking, ?How, then, am I mad (p277) His defense lies in ?how healthily ? how calmly [he] can tell [the reader] the whole story.? This is the same rationale that the narrator of The Black Cat follows in his defense of his sanity. Just as the narrator of The Tell-Tale Heart presents his personal account of the events in the story as healthy and calm, the Black Cat narrator presents ?plainly, succinctly, and without comment, a series of mere household events (p320).? Although he hopes for ?some intellect [that] may be found which will reduce [his] phantasm to the common-place,? the Black Cat narrator still states, ?mad am I not (p320).? This element of the supernatural is one in area where the two narrators diverge a bit. However, as the two stories progress, this difference is used as a balancing agent that allows the characterizations of the narrators to parallel one another within the action of their respective stories. Both narrators are on the verge of complete madness, waiting for that certain element to push them over the edge. In the first part of the story, the reader learns that the Black Cat narrator ?was noted for the docility and humanity of [his] disposition (p320) in the past. It is indicated that he was at one point, a seemingly happy man. There is no indication of such a past in the life of the Tell-Tale narrator. His murderous intentions ?to take the life of the old man (p277)? are made clear in the second paragraph of the story. Thus, Poe added elements of the supernatural to he plot of The Black Cat. It is left unclear as to whether or not there are actually two cats in the story, or if the original cat, which Poe so aptly named after the Roman god of the Underworld and judge of the dead, Pluto, has come back from the dead in retribution. The narrator's wife's talk about superstitions involving witches and the eerie gallow-shaped white marking on the black cat are also elements that add to the narrator's eventual snap into madness, and what push him to the same violence as the Tell-Tale narrator. This violence is brought on by an irrational fear that both narrators posses. Both the Tell-Tale and the Black Cat narrators refer to their states of mind as a sort of disease. Their individual fears manifest themselves in sensual hypersensitivity, which lead them to be affected in extreme ways by their surroundings. The Tell-Tale narrator says that the ?disease had sharpened [his] senses ? not destroyed ? not dulled them (p277).? His sense of hearing

Cause of Industrialization essays

Cause of Industrialization essays What appears to be the necessary conditions for Industrialization? Give examples in Britain, Germany, US, Russia, and Japan. Britain: Population growth, Migrants flocked from countryside homes to the city slums to make money, a strong middle class and difficult political, economical, and social circumstance, and the decrease of death rate in infants. Germany: Coal and iron production on the rise in the 1840's, extensive rail works, the unification of Germany, and Bismarck and his encouraged development of heavy industry and its effects on the army. USA: Many European immigrants, a strong middle class, the decrease of death rate in infants, British introduction of cotton textile factories, the emergence of steel and iron mining, and the mass production of railways. Russia: Social reform based on the Communist manifesto, Czarist government encouraged railway development, reformed commercial laws helped developing companies, and the production of oil armaments, and iron. Japan: The hiring of foreign experts to help develop modern industry, government founded industries, government the sold those business to non-governmental merchants, and the increase of technology. ...

Child ByTiger essays

Child ByTiger essays Child By Tiger by Thomas Wolfe is a story about a black man, Dick Prosser, and the life he lived being a black man living in the South. Although the story isnt fully based on racial issues, Dick still suffers racial oppression. For example, the fight with Lon Everett, and having to sit outside of the white church during services. Eventually, after trying for so long to remain calm and be accepted by society, he goes crazy on a killing rampage. Child By Tiger shows a complete loss of innocence reguarding Prosser. He was once an incredible black man that had many talents most blacks didnt have. All Dick wanted was to be accepted by society but after he had tried so hard and so long he cant bear it anymore and that is what causes his sudden reuption of violence. Prosser transforms from being the lamb- very innocent creature, into a tiger by the end of the story- hence the title. In the short story "The Child by Tiger," Thomas Wolfe uses Dick Prosser's situations and lifestyles to enforce his belief that Dick's outburst of slayings stem from an unresolved search for acceptance among the whites, blacks, and even God. The white race takes advantage of Dick's abilities; however, they cannot accept him as one of their own because pre-set stereotypes inhibit inter-racial relationships. Mr. Sheppardton proclaims, "That Dick was the best man he'd ever had, the smartest darky that he'd ever known." But even "the smartest darky" cannot partake in the white man's world. This truth evidences itself regarding church attendance. The chauffeur of the Sheppardton family, Dick must "come up to the side door of the church while the service [is] going on...and stand there humbly and listen during the course of the entire sermon." Dick is not allowed to even enter the church proudly and listen to the service; he has to stand outside and experience the sermon from a distance...

What is the future of diversity management Essay

What is the future of diversity management - Essay Example Leadership and diversity are among the most discussed topics in scholarly research. The growing diversity of national and international workforce presents a serious challenge for leaders who must develop new approaches for managing diverse employees and using diversity as the source of competitive advantage. Unfortunately, previous research was increasingly concentrated on searching for â€Å"one best way† of leadership in organizations. Put simply, researchers were preoccupied with an idea to find one, universal leadership model, which would be equally effective in all organizational settings. With time, the idea of â€Å"one best way† was gradually replaced with the ideals of contingency leadership, which came to dominate organizational and leadership consciousness in all parts of the world. According to Day (1991), â€Å"implied in the contingency approach to leadership is the need for leaders to be flexible in their choice of leadership style based on the situation † (p.362). Today, contingency exemplifies the key component of diversity management decisions in organizations: a multitude of diversity management models suggests that there can never be a universal solution to diversity management issues. The current state of workplace development suggests that diversity in organizations will continue to persist. The coming years are likely to witness a dramatic shift from diversity management to diversity cultures in organizations, which will serve an essential source of competitive advantage and an instrument of continuous organizational learning in the long run. Literature review Workforce diversity is rightly considered as one of the most popular and controversial topics in contemporary business literature. Globalization and integration of markets and businesses lead to the growing diversity of employees in small organizations and large corporations. Thus, it comes as no surprise that organizations and professionals in organization studi es seek to develop and test new models of leadership and management, which will let organizations utilize their diversity potential to the fullest. It should be noted, that present day organizations are undergoing a dramatic change in diversity philosophies and principles. Today, the scope of diversity management is no longer limited to increasing the share of minorities in the workforce but implies the need to develop and sustain diversity-sensitive organizations (Dreachslin, 2007). In this situation, senior leaders are expected to develop sound commitment to recruiting, retaining, and supporting applicants and candidates that had been previously underrepresented (Dreachslin, 2007). Furthermore, diversity-sensitive ideology in organizations obligate leaders to convince and educate other stakeholders that diversity is the key strategic value and defines the course of long-term development in organizations. Unfortunately, â€Å"the effects of diversity on performance are mixed† (Haas 2010). The factors mediating the relationship between diversity and organizational presentation are numerous and varied. In the meantime, researchers develop and test new models of diversity management and their implications for organizations. The current state of research displays a tendency toward describing and analyzing numerous models of diversity management and their implications for the future of global business. Mitchell and Boyle (2010) tried to create a single, theoretical framework of diversity management and tested a model of leadership, in which diversity management would be closely connected to innovation and creativity, learning, and organizational transformations. The researchers found out that transformational leaders facilitated the creation of knowledge in organizations, leading to increased recognition of diversity and acceptance of diversity management within the staff (Mitchell & Boyle 2010). However, while

Should Beijing really be hosting the Olympics and would you go Explain Essay

Should Beijing really be hosting the Olympics and would you go Explain - Essay Example Since their inception, the modern games have been infused with politics, boycotts, and threats of non-participation. Some people see the games as a way of promoting and legitimizing the host city. Athletes may face an ethical dilemma by participating in a country where there are severe human rights violations. Still, the Olympic idealists hold the standard of de Coubertin and insist that politics and social issues remain clear of the games. These competing opinions on the value and purpose of the games have almost never been as pronounced as they are when we discuss the 2008 Olympics in Beijing. The decision to hold the Olympics in China has been met with a series of protests that object to their history of oppression and violations of basic civil rights. While there are legitimate objections to the selection process, the ideals of sport, international cooperation, and cultural interaction makes Beijing an appropriate choice for the 2008 Olympics. The importance of the Olympics and the selection of the host city should not be underestimated. It offers economic advantage to the city in the way of tourism as well as an opportunity to exhibit the city’s and the host country’s best face. The enormous worldwide interest in the games can be seen by the escalating broadcast revenues and the attendant increase in viewership in recent years (see Appendix A). This also opens up the door to give a country an opportunity to present a faà §ade while they ignore the reality that lies just beyond the borders of the games. Will the world see the sweatshops and hardships that lay beyond the broadcasts, or will they only be shown the glossy face of the â€Å"New China† (See Appendix B)? Determining where fact meets propaganda is one of the challenges faced by the IOC, the media, and the viewing public. The biggest objection to Beijing hosting the Olympics is their dismal record on human rights. There has been evidence

Solving Interpersonal Communication Problems Essay Example for Free

Solving Interpersonal Communication Problems Essay Everything that we do with other people involves communication such that all our social interactions are communicative and they presume communication processes. Interpersonal communication is characterized by: communication from one individual to another, communication which is face to face and both the form and content of communication reflect the personal characteristics of the individual as well as their social roles and relationships (Ellis, 2009). Interpersonal communication develops relationships of some sort among the communicating parties for instance when there is high degree of trust among them, where each person is prepared to openly discuss their feelings and where the participants have a mutual liking toward each other (Hartley, 2005). In this case the kind of relationship created is that of teacher to student relationship. Both the teacher and the student have the responsibility of seeking clarification whether they understand each other to minimize conflicts between them. Interpersonal communication is always a two way process meaning that two parties must be involved. The parties pass messages to each other such that there is the sender and the recipient but this is not static since the sender also becomes the recipient to complete the communication process (Hartley, 2005). The geography teacher in this case acts as the source when teaching and the students as the recipients. On the other hand the situation can be reversed where the student becomes the source and the teacher the recipient, this happens when the student seeks clarification. Interpersonal communication is an ongoing process and not an event. However, during the process of communication several things may happen that may hinder or create problems such that the parties do not communicate as intended. In most cases these problems are termed as noise in the process of communication. They hinder the sender and the recipient from decoding the words and signs sent leading to misinterpretation of each other hence passing the wrong messages. For instance in the case where the geography teacher intends to communicate to students on probable examinable questions yet some other students do not understand the teacher and even though they are hardworking they end up failing the exam. In this scenario it can be concluded that some noise existed between the teacher and the students and the intended message was not communicated. The existence of communication problem between the teacher and the father of the student may be said to have resulted from anger of the father due to the son’s failure in the test and the information availed to the father by the son. The remedies to this interpersonal communication will also be discussed later in the paper. Problems of interpersonal communication Language barriers The complexities of language codes are often highlighted in communication across cultural boundaries. There are number barriers in interpersonal communication that are related to language. Among the most common include; lack of equivalent words where the sender and the receiver comes from different cultural backgrounds and they use same word to mean different things (Ellis, 2009), lack of equivalent grammar or syntax this may make the parties in the communication to misinterpret the information forwarded by each other. For instance same words may work as nouns or verbs or adjectives for example in English `lift a thumb’ or `thumb a lift’ in the first case the word a `thumb’ is a noun and in the second case a `thumb’ is verb. Use of idioms and similes may also cause misunderstanding as different culture use them differently. Pronunciation is also a major problem in interpersonal communication this may alter the meaning of the word for instance problems associated with pronunciation of `r’ and `l’ one may pronounce ‘right’ as `light’ (Bovee Thill, 2000). In a class context such pronunciation problems may make the students fail to communicate as intended. The language problems in the communications process are thus very common in classrooms for instance it’s common to find student having different class notes as they hear different things from their teachers. The language used by the geography teacher may have not been understood by the student who failed in the test; this creates a conflict between the student and the teacher and it’s escalated further to family of the student. Use of non-verbal signs Non-verbal communication is a type of communication which consists of unspoken cues that a communicator sends in conjunction with spoken or written message for example, a person’s tone of voice where the individual vary the tone of the voice by either making it loud or sharp, facial expression, eye behavior, head nodding, nose thumbing, thumb movement. In addition one’s postures and manner of walking also may have communication significance for instance a person may walk in a manner which indicates utter despair. Also the distance between two individual involved in private conversation shows the relationship between the two (Turner West, 2008). It is therefore the responsibilities of the receiver and the sender to decode the message passage so as to avoid misunderstanding. The receiver decodes and interprets the message sent and responds by sending back feedback which helps the sender to find out if the receiver has correctly interpreted the message. The problem arises where the receiver misinterprets the message sent since he or she will respond by wrong feedback. Such misinterpretation may arise since individual comes from different cultural background and a certain non-verbal communication may have a totally different meaning to other cultures, for instance nodding of the head in some culture symbolizes acceptance or agreement but in some cultures it symbolizes disagreement (Kalefleisch,1993). In a class context the teacher’s changes of tones, facial expressions or uses cues that they think will help them to communicate effectively. In hinting what topic will appear in the tests the expression made by the geography teacher may have been misunderstood by the students resulting in students revising in other topics which made them to fail the exam. Use of nonverbal cues at times thus poses a bid problem in interpersonal communication. Channel noise This problem is caused by physical barriers and is mostly due to our senses of smelling, touching, tasting, hearing and seeing. Among the common channel noise includes laughing talking, coughing, sneezing, and snoring such noise can be inside or outside the setting of the source and the recipient of the message. For instance an aircraft over a building or a lawn mower outside a classroom, people talking or yelling loudly in the hallways or outside windows it can be even murmuring of students in class in the class students noting may distract other from listening (Ellis, 2009). The speaker may also not be audible enough, may have inappropriate appearance or have bad mannerisms that contribute to poor communication with the audience. If the speaker keeps on jingling his keys from the pockets this is still noise that may distract effective communication (Campbell Nelson, 2010). A school has many activities going on at the same time for instance cleaning of pavements, students moving up and down to laboratories and respective classes, cutting or trimming of hedges outside the classroom or continuous murmuring or laughing of students in class. All these distract the student in one way or the other from the teacher hence causing the student to miss some of the teacher’s remarks. This means that communication is not effective. May be such noises distracted the student when the geography teacher hinted on the topic to appear in tests and this made the student not to capitalize on the hinted topic hence failing an exam which became the source of the conflict. Psychological noise/emotional problem It also presents barriers to communication. Nervousness and anxiety can sometimes in certain situations be barriers to communication as well as tension that may be caused by controversy or conflict. The source of the message may use words or phrases that may be viewed negatively by the other party. The topic of discussion may also be controversial or no appealing to the other party or the audience may feel that the speaker is biased hence he may lack interest in listening to the speaker (Hartley, 2005). On the other hand the topic of discussion may be boring and the person trying to communicate may also be boring this may make even the listener to start dozing or sleeping hence unable to hear the speaker’s main points. It also true that some people may not like the person trying to pass messages and so they pay little attention no matter the message intended to be communicated. At times psychological noise may result from the audiences habit of thinking of what is to happen next for instance may be they also have to address the audience or they have a test in the near future or the events that happened sometimes back. Fatigue, stress or sometimes wrong timing for instance too early in the morning, too close to lunchtime or too late in the day when the listener are tired and the listeners may be faking attentiveness hence not decoding the message (Huff, 2008). In class context for instance student fakes attentiveness to avoid being punished or to please their teachers. Such cases, the teacher may be cheated that the student have understood the message being passed to students yet this is not the case .The teacher leaves satisfied that the message has been passed. In our case the student who is failed to pass the test may had psychological problems when the teacher was explaining on the examinable topics in the tests hence failed to decode the message that was being passed on this left the teacher with the impression that all students were attentive and would pass exams if they capitalized on the taught areas but this was not the case since some students end up failing the test. In addition the problem of the communication between the teacher and the father of the student who failed the exam resulted from the irritation of the father due to his sons failure in the test, misunderstanding occurs when the father feels that the teacher has resp onsibility of making the student pass the test while may be the teacher felt that he communicated effectively to students on what to expect in the tests. Solutions to interpersonal communication problems Language problems should at all times is avoided when communication is taking place between individuals but the major concern is how to avoid them. The parties in a communication exercise should ensure that they use the words that have similar cross-cultural meanings so that misinterpretation is avoided. Use of idioms, similes and other figurative languages should also be avoided and if used they should explained and made sure that the recipient understands the message fully (Fussel Kreuz, 1998). Pronunciation problems can be avoided by the source only if he practices to pronounce words properly however in some contexts like in a class pronunciation can be solved by spelling the words used or writing on the board so that communication is made effective. In addition to these language problems the teacher should understands the language problems of his students so that assistance is given in special cases as the instincts of the teacher feel that they may not comprehend the terms used . Non-verbal cues are inherent in any communication process and people should not always assume that they understand what gestures means otherwise the fail to comprehend the message sent. In order to avoid the problems associated with nonverbal signs the recipient should pay attention to what is being said since most nonverbal cues are aimed to emphasize a verbal message. For instance in class context a teacher may raise the voice to underscore something previously said. In addition it should be made sure that nonverbal and verbal messages match to avoid miscoding and misinterpretation. People should also be tentative in interpreting nonverbal communication due to the cultural differences in nonverbal cues. It also advisable to avoid non-verbal distractions when communicating since it at times act as noise in interpersonal communication. For instance shifting your eyes or continuously playing with one’s hair may add other meanings in the message being conveyed. Non-verbal signs should also be put in context when using them. Attention should pay on non-verbal cues but they should place in the right context. To understand what nonverbal cues means one should consider the entire communication process not just on element of it and we also need to ask others about what certain nonverbal cues mean in their culture (Turner West, 2008). In order to avoid psychological problems in interpersonal communication it advisable that to ensure that the parties in the communication process are psychologically prepared and they understand each other situation to avoid conflicting communication. The parties in the communication process should ensure that their topic of discussion is relevant, not boring and well timed to avoid distractions to other issues. It’s also advisable that all parties are actively engaged for instance in class the teacher should engage students with questions to make sure that they do not fake attentiveness. In addition the case of parent teacher miscommunication, the parent should always be psychologically prepared that a student can fail or pass a test and it’s not always the fate of a teacher for student failure. To avoid psychological problem in interpersonal communication the parties should ensure that they know their feelings, analyses the situation, owning their feelings reframing w hen needed and empathizing such practices are complex activities that involve sensitivity, awareness, insight and empathy therefore just like any proficiency, emotional communication require patience and persistence (West Turner, 2008). Solution to the channel noise can only be rectified by making sure the right channel to communication is used. The parties in the communication process should ensure that conducive environment exists so that communication is effective. In this case internal settings of the class should have minimal noise only that cannot be controlled. The teacher should take the responsibility of ensuring source of noise such as murmuring is minimized; however little can be done on external settings since other activities must take place (Aswathappa, 2005). If in our case external noise is too high the teacher ought to raise his voice or the student to have asked the points missed for effective communication to take place. Conclusion Interpersonal communication is vital in developing relationships among individuals since every social interaction involves communication. As said earlier it involves at least two individuals passing messages to each other. Individual must be ready to express their feelings and emotions for interpersonal communication to be said to occur. It’s a cyclic process that is continuous from source to recipient and vice versa where the recipient becomes the source and the source the recipient for the process to complete. Interpersonal communicational though very important and inevitable in our day to day activities has certain problems that hinder effective communication to occur between individuals. These problems include: Language problems, channel related problems, non-verbal cues interpretation problems and psychological and emotional problem such as anger love and pretense. These problems if not well checked makes the communication between individual to deviate from the original intentions and they need to be checked every time individuals are communicating to avoid conflicts for instance the one that emerged between the teacher and student. Read more: http://www.ukessays.com/essays/english-language/solving-problems-of-interpersonal-communication-problems-english-language-essay.php#ixzz2LX8NPmck

Techniques Bronte Uses to Evoke Sympathy from the Reader in Jane Eyre E

Techniques Bronte Uses to Evoke Sympathy from the Reader in Jane Eyre The essay looks at ways and especially the people that evoke sympathy for the reader in Jane Eyre’s younger life. Bronte uses many ways to provoke the reader’s empathy and compassion. People and techniques used to do this, are shown in the following. Sympathy is evoked in the reader through Mrs Reed. Although we are given no details on Jane’s childhood before she comes into Mrs Reeds care, we may presume it was a happy one. The contrast is shown when Mrs Reed kept and held Jane separately from her own children. Jane knows that â€Å"She (Mrs Reed) regretted to be under the necessity of keeping me at a distance†. Also â€Å"She must exclude me from privileges intended only for contented, happy little children†. Jane is trying to empathise with Mrs Reed and understands that she does not belong with the family, and therefore feels lost and unhappy. Many adults in the novel dislike Jane because she is an outspoken individual. She is a non-conformist and goes against the grain of the typical female child of her time. She was told to do as she was told and not to think for herself. Today she would be more accepted by having her own views. She is told that â€Å"There is something truly forbidding in a child taking her elders in that manner, be seated and until you can speak pleasantly remain silent. Jane hides and reads behind some curtains to escape what she perceives as her captors. Her favourite book is Bewicks History of British Birds. She dreams she is visiting islands and far off shores as she travels the globe. The reader can almost visualise her journey and also longs for her freedom. As she reads it is noted that outside the weather is dull... ...l to cut her beautiful locks off, she remonstrates and passes a hanker chief over her lips as though she is trying to hide or brush away her feelings of the stupid accusations. Jane is humiliated in front of the whole school because of Mr.Brocklehurst for false accusations. Mrs.Temple later announces to the school and reassures Jane and everyone that she is a good girl and that what Brocklehurst said was not true, the reader feels vindicated for Jane. Bronte describes her characters knowingly and with insight. The reader is drawn into the sad unjust world of an orphan, especially the female orphan in Victorian England. I feel that Jane is a determined young woman someone who I would like to become friends with, not because we would have much in common but that her life philosophies are wise and she is the product of a well experienced short life time.

An Unforgettable Memory

The silence was so dense and heavy I could almost feel it but it was always like that between me and dad. He had told me to go grocery shopping with him because we had come back after the summer vacation and there was no proper and edible grocery at home, so we were headed to the local store. Dad was really sick and weak after the flight back from our homeland so I made myself do all the shopping quickly so that he wouldn’t have to tire himself. And whenever I am in a rush, I become embarrassingly clumsy, bumping into this and that, and you see things flying here and there but of course it’s unintentional! But I,surprisingly, managed to get all the things that were on the shopping list so after I filled the shopping trolley I pushed it to the counter and as I was emptying the contents of the trolley I pushed it to the counter and as I was emptying the contents of the trolley and oh just my luck, that’s exactly when the cream cheese glass jar decided to take a roll down the trolley and smash itself into pieces onto the floor. I wasn’t scared of anything like if the cashier would add some fine or anything. My dad naturally possesses a loud voice but it was further enhanced because he is diabetic, which gives a sympathetic high tone. So he started screaming impulsively and loudly in front of everyone at me how I was always in a hurry, how I can never get things right, how I always made a mess, how I am never careful enough and it went on and on. I was so ashamed and humiliated at myself for not being more careful and I was filled with disgust for myself as I bent down to pick up the broken pieces of glass on the floor and hand it to the cashier who put it in a grocery bag. While I was giving it to him, my fingers were painted with blood which had bled out as I picked the pieces but I didn’t notice the physical pain for it was nothing compared to my emotional tornado. Yes, you have every right to think that I’m over-sensitive, emotional, and a hormone-crazed teenager with extreme mood swings. But when the cashier asked me, â€Å"Did it hurt? † I was so deeply touched and moved by this simple act that it made me swallow my tears and tell him a feeble â€Å"no†. This cashier whom I have probably never talked to in my life before could make such a big difference with such a simple but kind and touching deed. I had no idea that sometimes kindness strangers are the garnishing in life we need so that we can digest the main course. And as for the main course, he didn’t even bother turning and looking back at me and continued walking to the car and I took all the grocery bags to the car and we continued in our silence.

Naturalism in Stephen Crane’s “A God in Wrath” Essay

The 1880s to the 1940s marks a period in American Literature known as Realism and Naturalism. This was the time when most literary works reflected the ideas of pessimism and determinism, and where events and even God oppose human free will or remain indifferent to human desires. One author and poet of this era was Stephen Crane. Crane published â€Å"A God in Wrath† in 1905 in a collection of poems called The Black Rider and Other Lines. The poem, which is about a god torturing a man, reflects the recurring theme of naturalism with instances of pessimism, determinism, and detachment. Naturalism in â€Å"A God in Wrath† Pessimism. Pessimism, or the seeming inevitability of the occurrence of negative events, fills every line of the â€Å"A God in Wrath. † In the poem, the very fact that a god is punishing the man is perhaps the greatest indication of pessimism considering that no man can ever be greater than a god. Therefore, no man can ever escape a god’s wrath and so a man who is suffering from it will surely suffer till the end. Indeed nothing can be more pessimistic than that. One particular line, â€Å"He cuffed him loudly† (Crane), indicates that the man is bound and has no chance of escape ever. Moreover, one should take note that these cuffs are put by a god and therefore impossible to get rid of. Also, the cuffs are in the form of â€Å"thunderous blows that rang and rolled over the earth† (Crane). This means that these are not just simple shackles that simply require a key to remove but that they are as complicated as they are difficult to detach. Perhaps one more indication of pessimism in the poem is the presence of a crowd of people who are not shown to help the man, or are portrayed as helpless creatures that do nothing but observe and add to the man’s injury by saying â€Å"Ah, what a wicked man! † (Crane). The man in â€Å"A God in Wrath† is already in deep suffering when â€Å"All people came running† (Crane). Nevertheless, although he â€Å"screamed and struggled† (Crane), the crowd, instead of helping him, condemns him more by calling him wicked. In real life, one can see people who not only ignore those who ask for their help but even regard them as evil. Such is the picture of the society that Crane may have wanted to show through the element of pessimism in the poem. Determinism. Determinism in â€Å"A God in Wrath† centers around the idea that the man has no choice but to accept the wrath of god and eventually his own fate. The whole poem is a testament to the absence of free will as indicated in the man’s useless struggle to escape. Man’s free will is figuratively strangled when the god â€Å"cuffed him loudly† (Crane) and that although he â€Å"screamed and struggled† (Crane), which means that he wants to assert himself and his free will, no help arrives and there is no escape. Perhaps the man’s last chance of escape is the people who â€Å"came running† (Crane), and maybe he smiles at the fact that all of them seem to come to his aid. Unfortunately, it seems that he is predestined to suffer and perhaps even die of his suffering when he finds out later on that the people who come running actually do nothing but say â€Å"Ah, what a wicked man! † (Crane). Crane here shows that no amount of screams and struggles from the man, or every man in general, can change the course of nature, the will of a god, or man’s destiny to suffer. Detachment. The stone-cold objectivity in Stephen Crane’s tone is felt in the poem in his use of such nameless characters as a god, a man, and all people. The absence of a capital â€Å"g† in â€Å"god,† except perhaps in the title, clearly indicates that this god is not necessarily the Christian God but perhaps any form of deity considered to be a symbol of cruel and inhuman dictatorship. It can even be religion itself which is shown here that makes man suffer. One can also see that in the poem, the man is unnamed, which means that it can represent any human being particularly those who seem to be experiencing a hopeless struggle. Lastly, the phrase â€Å"all people† (Crane) may represent everyone else in the world of the man who suffers. Also, the fact that all of them â€Å"came running† (Crane) tells us that they are united in their action, and that when they all together â€Å"cried, Ah, what a wicked man! † (Crane), one can see that people in general are wicked and often express their ridicule and cruelty in unison. On the whole, the element of detachment in Crane’s â€Å"A God in Wrath† tells us that the situation portrayed in the poem and its painful events are not exclusive to the characters in it but also to every suffering human being. Conclusion Stephen Crane’s â€Å"A God in Wrath† is a poem that portrays the elements of the era of Literary Realism and Naturalism, which include pessimism, determinism and detachment. Pessimism is reflected by man’s seemingly unending struggle with a god that is impossible to conquer and with people who are brutally indifferent to his suffering. Determinism is present in the lines that show that his fate seems inevitable and that no amount of struggle and will to survive may seem enough to free the man in the poem from his suffering. Finally, a sense of detachment is expressed by the fact that the characters in the poem are unnamed. Hence, this makes the particular literary work a mirror of what actually goes on in the life of every human being who suffers and how much pain he has to bear with the wrath of a cruel god and the inaction of his indifferent fellow humans. Works Cited Crane, Stephen. 2010. â€Å"A God in Wrath. † Stephen Maria Crane. Poemhunter. com. May 24, 2010. Crane, Stephen. â€Å"A God in Wrath. † Withered Arm and Other Stories. Ed. George Bess. New Jersey: Viking Penguin, 1999. Print.

Origin of Miranda Rights and Warning

Origin of Miranda Rights and Warning Ernesto Arturo Miranda was drifter and a career criminal who from age 12 was in and out of reform schools and state and federal prisons for various crimes including auto theft and burglary and sex offenses. On March 13, 1963, at age 22, Miranda was picked up for questioning by the Phoenix police after the brother of a kidnap and rape victim saw Miranda in a truck with plates that matched the description that his sister had provided. Miranda was placed in a lineup and after the police indicated to him that he had been positively identified by the victim, Miranda verbally confessed to the crime. That's the Girl He was then taken to the victim to see if his voice matched the voice of the rapist. With the victim present, the police asked Miranda if she was the victim, to which he answered, Thats the girl. After Miranda said the short sentence, the victim identified his voice as being the same as the rapist. Next, Miranda was brought to a room where he recorded his confession in writing on forms with preprinted terms that read, †¦this statement has been made voluntarily and of my own free will, with no threats, coercion or promises of immunity and with full knowledge of my legal rights, understanding any statement I make can and will be used against me.   However, at no time had Miranda been told that he had the right to remain silent or that he had the right to have an attorney present. His court assigned attorney, 73-year-old Alvin Moore, tried to get the signed confessions thrown out as evidence, but was unsuccessful. Miranda was found guilty of kidnapping and rape and was sentenced up to 30 years in prison. Moore tried to get the conviction overturned by the Arizona Supreme Court, but failed. U.S. Supreme Court In 1965, Mirandas case, along with three other cases with similar issues, went before the U.S. Supreme Court. Working pro bono, attorneys John J. Flynn and John P. Frank of the Phoenix law firm Lewis Roca, submitted the argument that Mirandas Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights had been violated. Flynns argument was that based on Miranda being emotionally disturbed at the time of his arrest and that with a limited education, he would not have knowledge of his Fifth Amendment right to not incriminate himself and that he was also not informed that he had the right to an attorney. In 1966, the U.S. Supreme Court agreed, and in a landmark ruling in the case of Miranda v. Arizona that established that a suspect has the right to remain silent and that prosecutors may not use statements made by defendants while in police custody unless the police have advised them of their rights. Miranda Warning The case changed the way police handle those arrested for crimes. Before questioning any suspect who has been arrested, police now give the suspect his Miranda rights or read them the Miranda warning. The following is the common Miranda warning used by most law enforcement agencies in the United States today: You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to speak to an attorney and to have an attorney present during any questioning. If you cannot afford a lawyer, one will be provided for you at government expense. Conviction Overturned When the  Supreme Court  made its landmark Miranda ruling in 1966, Ernesto Mirandas conviction was overturned. Prosecutors later retried the case, using evidence other than his confession, and he was convicted again and sentenced to 20 to 30 years. Miranda served 11 years of the sentence and was paroled in 1972. When he was out of prison he began selling Miranda cards that contained his signed autograph. He was arrested on minor driving offenses a few times and on gun possession, which was a violation of his parole. He returned to prison for another year and was again released in January 1976. Ironic End for Miranda On January 31, 1976, and just weeks after his release from prison, Ernesto Miranda, age 34, was stabbed and killed in a bar fight in Phoenix. A suspect was arrested in Mirandas stabbing, but exercised his right to remain silent. He was released without being charged.

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